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THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF HUYGEN'S PRINCIPLE. B.B. Baker, E.T. Copson.
Publisher: Oxford University Press: 1950 2nd ed.

From the Preface: ``The present monograph deals with the mathematical theory of Huygens' principle in optics and its application to the theory of diffraction. Subject: Mathematics Full Marks: 50. The arbitrary assumptions made by Fresnel to arrive at the Huygens–Fresnel equation emerge automatically from the mathematics in this derivation. And quantitative approaches, but rather it's a distinction between viewing natural philosophy as comprising a (Baconian) fact gathering stage before theorizing, and Newton's method of 'deducing' principles and laws of nature from which one derives new knowledge. To a single (hypothetical) principle so that every successful explanation offered a higher order of probability to the hypothesis. It ignores at least one other group of philosophers, namely those that believed in (mathematical) theory mediated measurement. I am thinking of Galileo, Huygens, and Newton, among the best known. Pascal's scientific contributions include the principle of hydrostatics, now known as Pascal's law, which is the basis of the hydraulic press used in hydraulic brakes and other applications. A simple example of the operation of the principle can be seen Using Huygens' theory and the principle of superposition of waves, the complex amplitude at a further point P is found by summing the contributions from each point on the sphere of radius r0. The mathematical theory of probability made its first great step forward when a correspondence between Pascal and Pierre de Fermat revealed that both had come to similar conclusions independently. Solutions were found by John Wallis, Christopher Wren, Christian Huygens, and others. Wave theory of light: introduction to Huygen's principle and its application interference diffraction and polarization of light.